Gordon have investigated ways in which "accusation in a mirror" has been used to incite hatred and how its impact can be mitigated. The OSAPG includes "mirror politics" in their Analysis Framework on Genocide as part of one category considered in their determination of a "risk of genocide in a given situation". The Office of the UN Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide (OSAPG) defines "mirror politics"as a "common strategy to create divisions by fabricating events whereby a person accuses others of what he or she does or wants to do". Jean-Paul Akayesu, among others, had described "mirror politics" or "accusation in a mirror". The term was further elaborated upon during the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) as an extreme form of hate speech that is considered to be an incitement to genocide.ĭes Forges, who testified before the 1998 ICTR case The Prosecutor v. The document, entitled "Note relative à la propagande d'expansion et de recrutement", included the term "accusation en miroir" as described by Mucchielli, along with an analysis of the psychology underpinning propaganda, transforming Mucchielli's psychology textbook into a propaganda manual. In 1999, a team of human rights working under the direction of historian Alison Des Forges found a mimeographed document in a Rwandan Hutu hut, by an anonymous author. Susan Benesch remarked that while dehumanization "makes genocide seem acceptable", accusation in a mirror makes it seem necessary.
By invoking collective self-defense, "accusation in a mirror" justifies genocide, just as self-defense is a defense for individual homicide. However, during the 1994 Rwandan genocide AiM was used-along with other propaganda techniques-by the Hutus to incite the genocide.
Mucchielli explained how the perpetrator who intends to start a war will proclaim his peaceful intentions and accuse the adversary of warmongering he who uses terror will accuse the adversary of terrorism. The French author and editor, Roger Mucchielli, intended the material to educate others to be able to identify publicity and propaganda techniques in order to thwart them.
1920S HAND MIRROR MANUAL
The term in French, " accusation en miroir", was described in a paragraph in a 1970 adult education manual entitled Psychologie de la publicite et de la propagande-part of a large, comprehensive series of ESF Collection formation permanente publications intended for adult education and professional formation. AiM refers to falsely imputing to one's adversaries the intentions that one has for oneself and/or the action that one is in the process of enacting. Accusation in a mirror (AiM), mirror politics, mirror propaganda, mirror image propaganda, or mirror argument is a hate-speech incitement technique.
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